Contents

Optimising Air Quality Prediction for Sustainable Urban Development and Smart City Management Using a Hybrid PSO-LSTM-RNN Framework

Author(s): Deniz Orhun1
1Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Izmir, Turkey
Deniz Orhun
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Izmir, Turkey

Abstract

Accurate air-quality forecasting is increasingly central to urban environmental governance, public-health protection, and data-driven smart-city management. This manuscript presents a polished and publication-ready account of a hybrid particle swarm optimisation (PSO), long short-term memory (LSTM), and recurrent neural network (RNN) framework for forecasting urban air quality using the University of Utah Air Pollution Monitoring Network dataset for Salt Lake City, Utah. The empirical setting is based on 25 pollution sensors, hourly aggregation, and a study window spanning 2019-07-26 to 2021-05-14. The modelling pipeline integrates data pre-processing, missing-value handling, outlier treatment, recurrent sequence learning, and PSO-based hyperparameter optimisation, followed by a curiosity-based motivation mechanism that strengthens the hybrid recurrent design. In the reported experiments, the proposed model achieves a mean absolute error of 0.0082 and an R2 score of 0.1227 in the principal benchmark comparison, while 10-fold cross-validation yields an average RMSE of 0.013, MAE of 0.010, MAPE of 3.8%, and R2 of 0.94. Additional analysis shows that hyperparameter tuning materially improves predictive performance, and ablation results indicate that the full integration of LSTM, RNN, PSO, and curiosity-based motivation produces the strongest results. Framed for the urban development and smart-city literature, the study demonstrates that hybrid recurrent forecasting can support municipal decision-making in air-quality surveillance, exposure mitigation, traffic-responsive environmental control, and sustainable service planning.

Keywords: air-quality prediction; smart cities; urban development; environmental monitoring; particle swarm optimisation; LSTM; recurrent neural network; sustainable urban management
Copyright © 2025 Deniz Orhun. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cite this Article

APA
Orhun, D. (2025). Optimising Air Quality Prediction for Sustainable Urban Development and Smart City Management Using a Hybrid PSO-LSTM-RNN Framework. Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities, 2(1), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.66033/judsc2025-217
MLA
Orhun, Deniz. "Optimising Air Quality Prediction for Sustainable Urban Development and Smart City Management Using a Hybrid PSO-LSTM-RNN Framework." Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities, vol. 2, no. 1, 2025, pp. 161-172.
Chicago
Orhun, Deniz. "Optimising Air Quality Prediction for Sustainable Urban Development and Smart City Management Using a Hybrid PSO-LSTM-RNN Framework." Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities 2, no. 1 (2025): 161-172. https://doi.org/10.66033/judsc2025-217
Harvard
Orhun, D., 2025. Optimising Air Quality Prediction for Sustainable Urban Development and Smart City Management Using a Hybrid PSO-LSTM-RNN Framework. Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities, 2(1), pp.161-172.
Vancouver
Orhun D. Optimising Air Quality Prediction for Sustainable Urban Development and Smart City Management Using a Hybrid PSO-LSTM-RNN Framework. Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities. 2025;2(1):161-172.