Contents

UAV-Assisted TinyML Transfer Learning for Edge Soil-Moisture Forecasting in Urban and Peri-Urban Smart Farming

Author(s): Wenping Wang1, Rolf Brühl1
1ESCP Business School, Heubnerweg 8-10, 14059, Berlin, Germany
Wenping Wang
ESCP Business School, Heubnerweg 8-10, 14059, Berlin, Germany
Rolf Brühl
ESCP Business School, Heubnerweg 8-10, 14059, Berlin, Germany

Abstract

Distributed irrigation intelligence is increasingly relevant to smart-city systems because urban and peri-urban food production now depends on reliable sensing, low-power communications, and resource-efficient water management. This paper presents a UAV-assisted tiny machine learning (TinyML) framework for edge soil-moisture forecasting using transfer learning on low-power internet of things nodes. The system combines bespoke ESP32-based sensing hardware, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled over-the-air model delivery, and lightweight deep learning inference for local decision support. The reported implementation uses two datasets: a five-site public dataset collected at 10-minute intervals over three years, and a three-month field dataset collected in Amman, Jordan, using a custom capacitive soil-moisture platform. The forecasting pipeline applies hourly aggregation, interpolation of sparse missing values, min-max scaling, and seasonal-trend decomposition using Loess before training compact deep neural network (DNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) models. The transfer-learning experiment shows that only 441 trainable parameters are updated out of 5,293 total DNN parameters; without transfer learning the model needs more than 300 epochs to converge, whereas transfer learning reduces convergence to fewer than 25 epochs on average and achieves an R2 of 92.9%. In the reported edge deployment case, a compressed DNN with architecture 40 × 20 × 10 × 1 occupies 7,920 bytes, produces inference in 97.80 ms, attains an average R2 of 97.13% with an MSE of 0.0036, and can be transferred by over-the-air update in under 10 s. An 8-unit LSTM reaches 99.8% average R2 with an MSE of 7.9228 × 10−5, while larger LSTM configurations in the full performance sweep deliver validation R2 values above 99.9%. Framed for smart-city and urban development scholarship, the study demonstrates that edge-native irrigation intelligence can reduce communication burden, improve resilience in connectivity-constrained environments, and support data-driven water stewardship in distributed urban agriculture.

Keywords: TinyML, transfer learning, UAV, smart farming, smart cities, urban agriculture, soil-moisture forecasting, edge intelligence
Copyright © 2024 Wenping Wang, Rolf Brühl. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cite this Article

APA
Wang, W., Brühl, R. (2024). UAV-Assisted TinyML Transfer Learning for Edge Soil-Moisture Forecasting in Urban and Peri-Urban Smart Farming. Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities, 1(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.66033/judsc2024-108
MLA
Wang, Wenping, and Rolf Brühl. "UAV-Assisted TinyML Transfer Learning for Edge Soil-Moisture Forecasting in Urban and Peri-Urban Smart Farming." Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities, vol. 1, no. 1, 2024, pp. 73-83.
Chicago
Wang, Wenping. "UAV-Assisted TinyML Transfer Learning for Edge Soil-Moisture Forecasting in Urban and Peri-Urban Smart Farming." Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities 1, no. 1 (2024): 73-83. https://doi.org/10.66033/judsc2024-108
Harvard
Wang, W., Brühl, R., 2024. UAV-Assisted TinyML Transfer Learning for Edge Soil-Moisture Forecasting in Urban and Peri-Urban Smart Farming. Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities, 1(1), pp.73-83.
Vancouver
Wang W, Brühl R. UAV-Assisted TinyML Transfer Learning for Edge Soil-Moisture Forecasting in Urban and Peri-Urban Smart Farming. Journal of Urban Development and Smart Cities. 2024;1(1):73-83.